Mikael settled soon as the leader of Amharic-Tigrean (Christian) camp of the struggle. By 1925 French Franciscan sisters were well-established, running an orphanage, a dispensary, a leper colony and 10 schools with 350 girl students. There was also great artistic and literary advancement at this time, but also a decline in urbanisation as the Solomonic emperors didn't have any fixed capital, but rather moved around the empire in mobile camps. New school buildings were constructed for the Italian colonists. Since that time, monasticism has been a power among the people, and not without its influence on the course of events. It saw relative peace, the successful integration of the Oromo and a flourishing of culture. In 1865, Sahle Maryam escaped from Magdala, abandoning his wife, and arrived in Shewa, and was there acclaimed as Negus. With the backing of most nobles in Ethiopia, the campaign was a success for Britain and the Ethiopian Emperor committed suicide rather than surrender. St George: The patron saint of England. [24] Greatly weakened, much of the Empire's southern territory and vassals were lost due to the Oromo migrations. An aged and infirm imperial uncle prince was enthroned as Emperor Yohannes II. Vestal, Theodor M. (2007). Ethiopia (Abyssinia), which Italy had unsuccessfully tried to conquer in the 1890s, was in 1934 one of the few independent states in a European-dominated Africa. ", "F. M. Est. 2018 February - As anti-government protests continue, Prime Minister Desalegn resigns. The Ethiopians decimated the Italians and scored a spectacular victory by using rifles and bullets they had received from the Italian government. Abyssinia] and of Axum." By the early 1970s Emperor Haile Selassie's advanced age was becoming apparent. Zera Yaqob is known for his treatise on religion, morality, and reason, known as Hatata. They established bases on the northern highlands of the Ethiopian Plateau and from there expanded southward. [43] It was during this period that the Ethiopian king Gebre Mesqel Lalibela ordered the construction of the legendary rock-hewn churches of Lalibela. [32][30] The eponymously named Solomonic dynasty was founded and ruled by the Abyssinians, from whom Abyssinia gets its name. [103] The Derg decided in November 1974 to pursue war in Eritrea rather than seek a negotiated settlement. [56] The primary symbol of the Sultan was a silver baton, which was considered to have magical properties.[57]. Ethiopians celebrate the end of an era on a toppled statue of the Russian revolutionary, Lenin, Border clashes with Eritrea turned into a full-scale war, On board the worlds last surviving turntable ferry. The Sahara desert begins to spread in Africa due to . There was a prestige operation for Italians, and rudimentary one for native Ethiopians. International pressures forced action, and it was required for membership in the League of Nations. All member nations (including Britain and France), with the exception of the Soviet Union, voted to support it. Deresse Ayenachew, Evolution and Organisation of the wa Military Regiments in Medieval Ethiopia, Annales d'Ethiopie, p.93. 241f, Hanibal Goitom, "Ethiopian Emperors and Slavery", Hanibal Goitom, "Abolition of Slavery in Ethiopia", Amare Asgedom, "Higher education in pre-revolution Ethiopia: Relevance and academic freedom. Accordingly, leaving Massawa in September 1769, he travelled via Axum to Gondar, where he was well received by Emperor Tekle Haymanot II. Bruce subsequently returned to Egypt at the end of 1772 by way of the upper Atbara, through the kingdom of Sennar, the Nile, and the Korosko desert. Pankhurst, "Education in Ethiopia during the Italian fascist occupation (1936-1941)." Homo sapiens idaltu, found in the Middle Awash in Ethiopia in 1997, lived about 160,000 years ago. He directed the erection of churches, palaces and bridges in different parts of the country, and carried out many useful works. Emperor Menelik II, the leader of Ethiopia, managed to manipulate the countries against each other in order to stall for time. Space Monkeys. According to legends, during the execution of the royals, an infant heir of the Axumite monarch was carted off by some faithful adherents and conveyed to Shewa, where his authority was acknowledged. Perceptions of this war as imperialist were among the primary causes of the growing Ethiopian Communist movement. 2006 December - Exiled former dictator Mengistu Haile Mariam is convicted, in absentia, of genocide at the end of a 12-year trial. Is climate change killing Australian wine? [48], Towards the close of the 15th century the Portuguese missions into Ethiopia began. Italian troops used mustard gas in aerial bombardments (in violation of the Geneva Conventions) against combatants and civilians in an attempt to discourage the Ethiopian people from supporting the resistance. Concurrently, Gudit reigned for forty years over the rest of the kingdom and transmitted the crown to her descendants. The claim of African areas caused uprisings and rebellions altough many were unsuccessful due to guns. The dynasty would last until its overthrow by a new regime claiming descent from the old Aksumite kings. The D'mt kingdom was influenced by the Sabaeans in Yemen, however it is not known to what extent. [31] In 1270, the Zagwe dynasty was overthrown by a rebel named Yekuno Amlak claiming lineage from the Aksumite kings and, hence, from Solomon. The British and Dajazmach Kassa came to an agreement in which Kassa would let the British pass through Tigray (the British were going to Magdala which Tewodros had made his capital) in exchange for money and weapons. Search Results. Though there is little evidence supporting Aksumite control of the region at that time, his title, which includes King of Saba and Salhen, Himyar and Dhu-Raydan (all in modern-day Yemen), along with gold Aksumite coins with the inscriptions, "King of the Habshat" or "Habashite", indicate that Aksum might have retained some legal or actual footing in the area.[35]. Here he received an ambassador from the Empress beseeching him to send help against the Muslims, and in the July following a force of 400 musketeers, under the command of Cristvo da Gama, younger brother of the admiral, marched into the interior at first were successful against the enemy; but subsequently defeated at the Battle of Wofla (28 August 1542), and their commander captured and executed. The Ancient Egyptians were in possession of myrrh (found in Punt), which Richard Pankhurst interprets to indicate trade between the two countries was extant from Ancient Egypt's beginnings. The Early Modern period was one of intense cultural and artistic creation. [125], Relations between the federal government and the Tigray regional government deteriorated after the election,[126] and on 4 November 2020, Abiy began a military offensive in the Tigray Region in response to attacks on army units stationed there, causing thousands of refugees to flee to neighboring Sudan. Later, after the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Benito Mussolini's Italian Empire occupied Ethiopia and established Italian East Africa, merging it with neighboring Eritrea and the Italian Somaliland colonies to the south-east. Sahle Maryam was handed over to the Emperor Tewodoros and taken to Gondar. These structures are traditionally ascribed to the King Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, with the city being renamed Lalibela in his honour; though in truth some of them were built before and after him. 2023 BBC. [2] The Aksumite empire fell into decline with the rise of Islam in the Arabian peninsula, which slowly shifted trade away from the Christian Aksum. They carve . [27], After the conquest of Aksum by Queen Gudit (or Yodit), a period began which some scholars refer to as the Ethiopian Dark Ages. [61] It expanded branches to Harar, Dire Dawa, Gore and Dembidolo and agencies in Gambela and transit office in Djibouti. [57][58] Peasants worked to produce and fixated their activities to taxation, marketing infrastructure and agrarian production. 1977 - Colonel Mengistu Haile Mariam emerges as leader of the Derg pro-Soviet military regime. [61], Ethiopia was never colonized by a European power, but was occupied by Italians in 1936 (see below); however, several colonial powers had interests and designs on Ethiopia in the context of the 19th-century "Scramble for Africa. Toward the end of the 5th century CE, a group of monks known as the Nine Saints are believed to have established themselves in the country. Medieval and Other Early Settlements Between Wechecha Range and Mt Yerer", https://books.google.com/books?id=dvk8AAAAIAAJ&q=Lisane+amharic#v=snippet&q=Lisane%20amharic&f=false, https://books.google.com/books?id=3VYBDgAAQBAJ&q=Lisane#v=snippet&q=Lisane&f=false, Africa: Rivista Trimestrale di Studi e Documentazione dell'istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente, The History of Islam in Africa - Google Books", "An Amharic Manuscript on the Mythical History of the Adi kyaz (Dizi, South-West Ethiopia)", "Ethiopia Executes 60 Former Officials, Including 2 Premiers and Military Chief", "The Politics of Linguistic Homogenization in Ethiopia and the Conflict over the Status of "Afaan Oromoo", http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/720181468749078939/pdf/multi-page.pdf, https://books.google.com/books?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&dq=chewa%20ehiopia&pg=PA49, https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/ethio_0066-2127_2014_num_29_1_1559.pdf, "Feudalism in Ethiopia: A Further Comment on Paradigms and Their Use", "Ethiopia: A Survey on the Existence of a Feudal Peasantry", "Peasants and Feudalism in Africa: The Case of Ethiopia", "The Politics of Banking: The Bank of Abyssinia, 1905-1931", "The Birth and Development of Banking Services in Ethiopia", "Haile Selassie I University - Five Year Plan 1967 - 1971", "An Overview of Ethiopia's Planning Experience", "Industry and Industrialization in Ethiopia: Policy Dynamics and Spatial Distributions", "The Ethiopian Empire: Progress and Problems", "Revised Constitution of the Empire of Ethiopia", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethiopian_Empire&oldid=1152312720, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Amharic-language text, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2021, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from July 2018, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from EB9, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1922 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier's Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the World Factbook, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Regiments at the court, under high court officials, Regiments in the provinces, under regional Rases or other officials, Regiments in border regions, or more autonomous provinces, such as, "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 29 April 2023, at 13:29. In the early 1970s, the Ethiopian Communists received the support of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev. The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire from the thirteenth to twentieth centuries. He is later sentenced to death. c. 2000 BCE - c. 1500 CE. VideoOn board the worlds last surviving turntable ferry, I didnt think make-up was made for black girls, Why there is serious money in kitchen fumes. This help led to the 1974 coup of Mengistu. Ethiopia (Imperialism) Ethiopia is the only African country to fight off European imperialists. [20] Under the rule of Zara Yaqob (14341468), the Hadiya Sultanate was invaded by Ethiopia and the captured Hadiya princess Eleni converted to Christianity leading to her marriage to Zara Yacob. The migrations had a severe impact on the Solomonic dynasty of Abyssinia, as well as an impact to the recently weakened Adal Sultanate. Emperor Menelik II was the leader of Ethiopia, and he successfully played European countries against each other while stockpiling weapons for his country. In early 1868, the British force seeking Tewodros surrender, after he refused to release imprisoned British subjects, arrived on the coast of Massawa. c. 3500 BCE. [17], Evidence of Naqadan contacts include obsidian from Ethiopia and the Aegean. Video, On board the worlds last surviving turntable ferry, Met Gala 2023: Stars celebrate Karl Lagerfeld, Shooting suspect was deported four times - US media, Photo of Princess Charlotte shared as she turns 8, Yellen warns US could run out of cash in a month, King Charles to wear golden robes for Coronation, More than 100 police hurt in French May Day protests, Explosion derails train in Russian border region. Quarter 4 timeline. Cambridge University Press. They did have the right to worship, and the right not to have their families broken up by sales.[74]. In the 4thcentury, under King Ezana of Axum, the kingdom adopted Christianity as the state religion that evolved into the Orthodox Tewahedo (Ethiopian Orthodox and Eritrean Orthodox) denominational Church. Power was vested in the Emperor and those aristocrats he appointed to execute his power, and the power enforcing instrument consisted of a class of soldiers, the chewa. The Italian invasion of Ethiopia, also known as the Italian-Ethiopian War, the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, and the Abyssinian Crisis, fit into the context of European imperialism and colonialism . Menelik II was born Sahle Mariam on August 19, 1844, in Ankober, one of the capitals of . Egyptian traders from about 3000 BC refer to lands south of Nubia or Kush as Punt and Yam. It is believed that the power struggle between the Qwarans led by the Empress Mentewab, and the Yejju Oromos led by the Emperor's mother Wubit was about to erupt into an armed conflict. [72][73] Slavery was of ancient origins in Ethiopia and continued into the early 20th century. There were OromoSomali clashes between the Oromo, who make up the largest ethnic group in the country, and the ethnic Somalis, leading to up to 400,000 to be displaced in 2017. Sahle Maryam of Shewa was married to Tewodros II's daughter Alitash. [43] The territories that were annexed included those of the western Oromo (non-Shoan Oromo), Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta,[44] and Dizi. 241f. [49] In 1520, the Portuguese fleet, with Matthew on board, entered the Red Sea in compliance with this request, and an embassy from the fleet visited the Emperor, Lebna Dengel, and remained in Ethiopia for about six years. The invasion was condemned by the League of Nations, though not much was done to end the hostility. The Italian conquest of British Somaliland in August 1940 was successful, but the war turned against Italy afterward. Its capital was at Yeha, where a Sabaean style temple was built around 700 BC. In 1932, the Kingdom of Jimma was formally absorbed into Ethiopia. Wubit responded by summoning her own Oromo relatives and their considerable forces from Yejju. Joo Bermudes, a subordinate member of the mission of 1520, who had remained in the country after the departure of the embassy, was sent to Lisbon. The Ethiopian Empire was incorporated into the Italian colony of Italian East Africa. Due to significant differences between the Italian and Amharic translations of the treaty, Italy believed they had subsumed Ethiopia as a protectorate, while Menelik II of Shewa repudiated the protectorate status in 1893. Vida De Takla Haymanot Pelo P. Manuel De Almeida", "The Zagwe period re-interpreted: post-Aksumite Ethiopian urban culture", "1940 Article on the special road Addis Ababa-Assab and map (in Italian)", Italian emigration in Etiopia (in Italian), Addis abeba italiana: il Piano regolatore e la serie delle sue Varianti (1936-1939).Mai-Ministero dellAfrica italiana (in Italian); pag. [37] In 1559 Gelawdewos was killed attempting to invade Adal Sultanate at the Battle of Fatagar, and his severed head was paraded in Adal's capital Harar. In December 1976, an Ethiopian delegation in Moscow signed a military assistance agreement with the Soviet Union. Ethiopia stood as the antithesis of the colonial worldview. On 16 February 2018, the government declared a six-month nationwide state of emergency following the resignation of Prime Minister Hailemariam Desalegn who said he wanted to clear the way for reforms. Nelson Mandela. Ward (ed), Crummey, Donald. Later, as the Crusades were dying out in the early fourteenth century, the Ethiopian Emperor Wedem Arad dispatched a thirty-man mission to Europe, where they travelled to Rome to meet the Pope and then, since the Medieval Papacy was in schism, they travelled to Avignon to meet the Antipope. [21][22] Muslims in the region as well as Adal Sultanate rejected the marriage alliance and repeatedly invaded Ethiopia, finally succeeding under Imam Mahfuz. 2005 April - First section of Axum obelisk, looted by Italy in 1937, is returned to Ethiopia from Rome. The Egyptians sometimes called the Land of Punt, "God's-Land", due to the "large quantities of gold, ivory, and myrrh that could be easily obtained". Ethiopian forces pulled out of Somalia in January 2009, leaving a small African Union force and smaller Somali Transitional Government force to maintain the peace. In May 1991, EPRDF forces advanced on Addis Ababa. When Menelik II died, his grandson, Lij Iyassu, succeeded to the throne but soon lost support because of his Muslim ties. Once again, the Axumite Kingdom is recorded as controlling part if not all of Yemen in the 6th century CE. After this, quarrels arose between the Emperor and Bermudes, who had returned to Ethiopia with Gama and now urged the emperor to publicly profess his obedience to Rome. A bronze scepter or wand has been discovered at Atsbi Dera with an inscription mentioning "GDR of Axum". It was thus one of the first Christian states. Africa Timeline. [7] The most well known hominid discovery is Lucy, found in the Awash Valley of Afar Region in 1974 by Donald Johanson, and is one of the most complete and best preserved, adult Australopithecine fossils ever uncovered. After him James Bruce entered the country in 1769, with the object of discovering the sources of the Nile, which he was convinced lay in Ethiopia. 1963 - First conference of the Organisation of African Unity held in Addis Ababa. Ethiopia and Eritrea united in a federation, but when Haile Selassie ended the federation in 1961 and made Eritrea a province of Ethiopia, the 30-year Eritrean War of Independence broke out. [52] Many Oromo entered in emperor Susenyos' domain in response. The Italians made investments in Ethiopian infrastructure development during their occupation. But a stray bullet struck the king, and the Ethiopians decided to retire. AP European History . After the death of Iyasu I the empire fell into a period of political turmoil. The government's failure to adequately respond to the 1973 Wollo famine, the growing discontent of urban interest groups, and high fuel prices due to the 1973 oil crisis led to a revolt in February 1974 by the army and civilian populace. Markessini, Joan (2012). African resistance movements, especially in Ethiopia; The Berlin Conference; Extension. Darge, Haile Melekot's brother, and Ato Bezabih, a Shewan noble, took charge of the young prince, but after a hard fight with Angeda, the Shewans were obliged to capitulate. [38], The Ottoman Empire made another attempt at conquering Ethiopia, from 1557, establishing Habesh Eyalet, the province of Abyssinia, by conquering Massawa, the Empire's main port and seizing Suakin from the allied Funj Sultanate in what is now Sudan. [52], By late 17th century, the Oromo had friendly relations with the Amharas. 12701974 empire centered in Ethiopia and Eritrea, "Abyssinia" redirects here. During the First Italo-Ethiopian war, Italy sent. The first years of the 19th century were disturbed by fierce campaigns between Ras Gugsa of Begemder, and Ras Wolde Selassie of Tigray, who fought over control of the figurehead Emperor Egwale Seyon. Before the coup, Ethiopian peasants' way of life was thoroughly influenced by the church teachings; 280 days a year are religious feasts or days of rest. In the 2005 general election, allegations of irregularities that brought victory to the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front resulted in widespread protests in which the government is accused of massacring civilians (see Ethiopian police massacres). Haile Selassie flees the following year. Poncet, who went there in 1698, via Sennar and the Blue Nile. From 1935 to 1941, Ethiopia was under Italian occupation as part of Italian East Africa. On May 5, 1941, Emperor Haile Selassie re-entered Addis Ababa and returned to the throne. Emperor Justin I of the Eastern Roman Empire requested that his fellow Christian, Kaleb, help fight the Yemenite king. Ethiopia was reunified in 1855 under Tewodros II, beginning its modern history and his reign was followed by Yohannes IV who was killed in action in 1889. This era was, on one hand, a religious conflict between settling Muslims and traditional Christians, between nationalities they represented, and, on the other hand, between feudal lords on power over the central government. The Italians, after their final stand at Gondar in November 1941, conducted a guerrilla war in Ethiopia, that lasted until summer 1943. Despite this reverse, under Ezana and Kaleb the kingdom was at its height, benefiting from a large trade, which extended as far as India and Ceylon, and were in constant communication with the Byzantine Empire. The new Zagwe dynasty established its capital at Roha (also called Adefa), where they build a series of monolithic churches. Mikael Sehul had compromised the power of the Emperor, and from this point forward it lay ever more openly in the hands of the great nobles and military commanders. [107] In 2006, after a long trial, Mengistu was found guilty of genocide. : An Examination of Race, Ethnicity, And Othering in the Hebrew Bible. The Ethiopian military began to both organize and incite a full-fledged revolution. 1974 - Haile Selassie overthrown in military coup, and dies in custody the following year. Ethiopian troops are known to have made use of Dum-Dum bullets (in violation of the Hague Conventions) and mutilated captured soldiers (often with castration). [116] Sahle-Work Zewde is the 4th and current president of Ethiopia, the first woman to hold the office. 1993 - Eritrea becomes independent following referendum. Eventually Mikael Sehul deposed the Emperor Iyoas (7 May 1769). [45] According to legends, the new dynasty were male-line descendants of Aksumite monarchs, now recognized as the continuing Solomonic dynasty (the kingdom being thus restored to the biblical royal house). 1530-31 - Muslim leader Ahmad Gran conquers much of Ethiopia. Blog. 2004 March - Start of resettlement programme to move more than two million people away from parched, over-worked highlands. Genocides in history (before World War I) Ethiopia under Menelik II (18891913), Italian war crimes Second Italo-Ethiopian War, Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Ethiopia), resettlement and villagization in Ethiopia, Ethiopian Peoples' Revolutionary Democratic Front, Southern Ethiopia Peoples' Democratic Coalition, Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front, Combined Joint Task Force Horn of Africa, began a military offensive in the Tigray Region, "Ethiopia: One of the world's fastest growing economies", "Oldest human skeleton offers new clues to evolution", "Oldest tool use and meat-eating revealed", "Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago", "Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia", "Mummified baboons shine new light on the lost land of Punt", https://books.google.com/books?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04575c.htm, "Strong's Hebrew: 3568. [118] GedeoOromo clashes between the Oromo and the Gedeo people in the south of the country led to Ethiopia having the largest number of people to flee their homes in the world in 2018, with 1.4 million newly displaced people. [5] Civil conflict in the country, including the Metekel conflict Wollega attacks] and the Tigray War. The church and state were very closely linked, and they may have had a more theocratic society than the Aksumites or Solomonids, with three Zagwe kings being canonized as saints and one possibly being an ordained priest.[39]. Reacting to these challenges, in the 1630s Emperor Fasilides founded the new capital of Gondar, marking the start of a new golden age known as the Gondarine period. info), Oromo: Itoophiyaa, Somali: Itoobiya, Afar: Itiyoophiyaa),[16] was an empire that historically spanned the geographical area of present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea from the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak approximately in 1270 until the 1974 coup d'etat of Emperor Haile Selassie by the Derg. King Menelik II used strategic advantages and played European countries against each other to maintain the Ethiopian independence. On May 2 of that same year, Emperor Menelik signed the Treaty of Wuchale with the Italians, granting them a portion of Northern Ethiopia, the area that would later be Eritrea and part of the province of Tigray in return for the promise of 30,000 rifles, ammunition, and cannons. [6] Since then many important finds have propelled Ethiopia to the forefront of palaeontology. [59][60], In 1905, Menelik II established the first bank, Bank of Abyssinia following concession from British occupied National Bank of Egypt in December 1904, that used to monopolize all government public funds, loans, print banknotes, mint coins and other privileges. Upon the death of Empress Zauditu in 1930, Ras Tafari Makonnen, adopting the throne name Haile Selassie, was crowned Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia. By 1914 most of Africa had been claimed leaving Ethiopia and Liberia free. In April 1888 the Italian forces, numbering over 20,000 men, came in contact with the Ethiopian army, but negotiations took the place of fighting, with the result that both forces retired, the Italians only leaving some 5,000 troops in Eritrea, later to become an Italian colony. During this time Europe became a major world leader. 1880s2002 by Mohammed Hassen, Northeast African Studies Volume 9, Number 3, 2002 (New Series), Genocidal violence in the making of nation and state in Ethiopia by Mekuria Bulcha, African Sociological Review, A. K. Bulatovich Ethiopia Through Russian Eyes: Country in Transition, 18961898, translated by Richard Seltzer, 2000, Power and Powerlessness in Contemporary Ethiopia by Alemayehu Kumsa, Charles University in Prague, Haberland, "Amharic Manuscript", pp. Issue 153 of ICG Africa report (4 September 2009) p. 2. In this year Count Pietro Antonelli was dispatched to Shewa in order to improve the prospects of the colony by treaties with Sahle Maryam of Shewa and the sultan of Aussa. The most famous expedition to Punt, however, comes during the reign of Queen Hatshepsut probably around 1495 BC, as the expedition was recorded in detailed reliefs on the temple of Deir el-Bahri at Thebes. [108] The Derg government relocated numerous Amharas into southern Ethiopia where they served in government administration, courts, and even in school, where Oromo texts were eliminated and replaced by Amharic. [70], In the parliamentary structure, the Chamber of Deputies consisted of 250 members elected every four years, whereas the Senate consisted of one-half of the Deputies (125) and were appointed by the Emperor in every six years.[71]. The abbot Abba Ewostatewos created a new order called the Ewostathians who called for reforms in the church, including observance of the Sabbath, but was persecuted for his views and eventually forced into exile, eventually dying in Armenia. The occupation government closed all schools operated by the Ethiopian church, or by missionaries. 1995 - Meles Zenawi assumes post of prime minister.
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