Top Image: The USS Yorktown is hit on the port side by a torpedo launched from a plane off the Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryu during the Battle of Midway on June 4, 1942. All 464 built were used by the Navy. Naval Technical Mission to Japan noted that Shinano had serious design flaws. Dimensions: 176 m long, 18 m wide, 6.2 m draft Top speed: 25 knots Mitsubishi 1MF (1921) 138 built, retired 1923 IJN Chitose and Chiyoda were converted in 1941 for the transport of attack submersibles, their stern being lowered and provided with a ramp. At first it could carry two assembled and two disassembled seaplanes and soon took part in naval maneuvers off Sasebo. One of Japan's main goals during World War II was to remove the United States as a Pacific power in order to gain territory in east Asia and the southwest . This is the second sunken ship the crew aboard the Petrel research vessel has found in the past week. Soryu took part in the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Battle of Wake Island, and supported the conquest of the Dutch East Indies. The commission was to promote aviation technology and training and at first centrated on non-rigid airships, before swapping to aircraft. IJN Shinyo was converted from the 1934 German liner SS Scharnhorst, stuck in Japan and requisitioned with the consent of Berlin. As a result, Shokaku which was launched in 1939 and completed in August 1941, and her twin Zuikaku in September, were both operational at the time of Operation Tora against Pearl Harbor. Laid down in May 1940 as the third of the Yamato-class battleships, Shinano's partially complete hull was ordered to be converted to an aircraft carrier following Japan's disastrous loss of four of its original six fleet carriers at the Battle of Midway in mid-1942. [8], The ship's original waterline armor belt thickness of 400 millimeters (15.7in) was retained only where it had already been installed abreast the magazines, and reduced to 160 millimeters (6.3in) elsewhere. Top speed: 28.3 knots AA was anecdotal. Conversons work implied the fitting of a single hangar, aigmented by an additional 6 feet 7 inches, and a full flight deck serviced by two lifts (see later). Battle of Leyte Gulf, (October 23-26, 1944), decisive air and sea battle of World War II that crippled the Japanese Combined Fleet, permitted U.S. invasion of the Philippines, and reinforced the Allies' control of the Pacific. This siege saw the use for the first time in history of naval aviation, ship-borne. She participated from 1932 to the war in China, with E1Y3 floatplanes. By autumn 1944 the Japanese had been dislodged from many key outposts in the southwest and central Pacific, and other Japanese-controlled islands had been allowed to . The ship was first blooded in combat on Sept. 14, 1939, two weeks after WWII kicked off with Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland, when the ship was attacked by the Kriegsmarine submarine U-39.Luckily, the attack faltered when the torpedoes' magnetic exploders malfunctioned, and the submarine was sunk by Ark Royal's escorting destroyers Faulknor, Firedrake and Foxhound, thus becoming Nazi . IJN Akagi was eventually completed in 1927 and Kaga in 1928, but with the Hosho, this gave the IJN a way to create and experiment new doctrines and operating procedures. The Akagi was taken over for reconstruction between 1923 and 1927. The official designation of the submarine was Type C (Hei) submarine. Certainly with her sister ship, the best carrier in the world at that time. It became vital to outrange the enemy in the air, and officers soon emphasized range in the new aircraft specifications, to the cost of protection, as superbly showed by the Zero. Kitakami, i and Kiso later converted to a torpedo cruiser under a short-lived Imperial Japanese Navy program. The latter displaced only 59,000 tons fully loaded. In April 1942, the Doolittle Raid, carried out by 16 bombers that took off from the aircraft carrier USS Hornet, 600 miles (970 km) from Japan, also a major impact on Japanese strategy. Like Akagi from the reconstruction of a canceled ship project due to the moratorium of the Washington Treaty. [30], Four torpedoes struck Shinano, at an average depth of 4.27 meters (14ft 0in). First purpose-built ocean-going minelayer of Japanese Navy, converted to survey ship in 1942, 2 prototypes of this class decommissioned before World War II, Used to lay remote-controlled mines in coastal fortifications, Primary Japanese minesweeper during World War II. Japan had planned to capture the islands after its surprise attack on a US base in Pearl Harbour. While researchers previously found a piece of that ships wreckage in 1999, no one had located its hull until last week. The terrifying scream of the dive bombers reached me first, followed by the crashing explosion of a direct hit, he wrote after the war. Displacement: 17,300 t. standard -21 900 t. Full Load Bat. Dimensions: 227.4 m long, 22 m wide, 7.8 m draft Operated by the Imperial Japanese Army. The Washington Naval Treaty allowed Japan a certain tonnage by class to the IJN, and the Chitose-class were seaplane tenders, but designed for their quick conversion to aircraft carriers from the start, knowing in case of war, these limits would be gone. The resulting fumes then penetrated the cofferdam and exploded. Yokosuka MXY-7 Ohka (1944) codename Baka the famous suicide rocket plane, 852 built. A tall fence was erected on three sides of the graving dock, and those working on the conversion were confined to the yard compound. More than 2,000 Japanese people and 300 Americans were killed in the battle that ensued, and a total of seven ships were sunk - four of which were Japanese carriers. He capsized and sank the next day, his crew having delayed the inevitable for more than 33 hours. Later sunk by cruisers, Sunk by torpedo bombers and dive bombers during the, Sunk by aircraft from US Navy Task Force 38 during the. Since 1942, no US fleet (full size) carrier has been sunk in combat. During World War II, the carrier would go on to . Its then not a surprise the IJN did so well until mid-1942, and also how much the USN effort to resist the onslaught until that point was meritorious. IJN Hiryu will pay for this, around 5 pm, when a wave of Navy aircraft from USS Hornet and Yorktown, which Yamaguchi thought was out of action, hit Hiryu bad. At 03:15 Archerfish fired six torpedoes before diving to 400 feet (120m) to escape a depth charge attack from the escorts. In 1941, the need for new aircraft carriers meant that she was sent in drydock for conversion into an aircraft carrier. Displacement: 15,900 t. standard -18 500 t. Full Load https://www.militaryfactory.com/ships/ww2-japanese-aircraft-carriers.asp 2023 BBC. About 50-60 were built but apparently never used. The experts aboard the Petrel hope their discoveries can shed light on the Battle of Midway's timeline of events. [13] These 25-millimeter (0.98in) guns had an effective range of 1,5003,000 meters (1,6003,300yd), and an effective ceiling of 5,500 meters (18,000ft) at an elevation of +85 degrees. Deep in the South Pacific Ocean, researchers have located the final resting place of the USS Hornet, the World War II aircraft carrier sunk in a 1942 battle with the Japanese Navy. It came from a request from the 1927 naval program that demanded a new, more economical model. Nakajima B5N (1937) 1,150 built, main torpedo bomber The Japanese aircraft carriers Soryu and Hiryu and cruiser Mikuma are still missing. A few minutes after this attack, Soryu was no more than a huge fire and sank at the end of the day, as most survivors evacuated. Zuiho was quickly converted in 1941, on the model of the conversion of Takasagi, completed in 1940, while the ship was nearing completion when the decision of the conversion was taken. Crew: 1,595. The larger of the two measured 15 by 14 meters (49.25 by 45.9ft). IJN Notoro was the lead ship of a class of fleet oilers, also comprising IJN Shiretoko, Erimo, Sata, Tsurumi, Shiriya, Iro. This emerging concept of a mass pre-emptive aerial attack had the consequence of shifting the main battle fleet attention to battles over the horizon and naval games tactical and strategic plays showed this over time. Each kk sentai was a self-contained tactical unit, with or without destroyer escort, which can be detached or attached to others depending on the mission. In addition to a large AA artillery, Ibuki innovated with six anti-aircraft rocket launchers (168 in all) that should have erected a steel barrier impassable to US aviation. pieces of 203 mm, the rest being in barbettes. Both ships were seaplane tenders before their conversion in 1943. Suzuya and Kumano were considered to be a sub-class. WW2 Japanese Aircraft Carriers Japan, 1919-45. But when you see these wrecks on the bottom of the ocean you kind of get a feel for what the real price is for war., Unsealed 75 years after the Battle of Midway: New details of an alarming WWII press leak, We knew the ship was doomed: USS Indianapolis survivor recalls four days in shark-filled sea. In addition, internal protections were reinforced and the bow raised from a level to ensure better seakeeping. This weapon worthy of a heavy cruiser dates back to a time when the concept of aircraft carrier was not yet fully understood and where it was envisaged that these vessels could be relatively versatile and able to defend themselves. Aircraft carrier[edit] Heavy/Fleet carriers[edit] Dimensions: 143.74 x 20 x 7.84 (471 x 64 x 26 ft) She was the same size and tonnage, took most of her features, but was extended one meter to carry extra fuel and fuel oil. Show more Show more A. Dimensions: 215.6 m long, 19.6 m wide, 6.6 m draft The Japanese aircraft carrier fleet took the most losses during World War II, with 20 of their carriers being lost. Aichi D3A (1938), main IJN dive bomber, 1,486 built Dimensions: 219.3 m long, 26.7 m wide, 8.15 m draft Midway Atoll, a small group of islands in the North Pacific, was used as a US military installation during the war. The ship is only known to have been photographed twice: on 1 November 1944, by a Boeing B-29 Superfortress reconnaissance aircraft from an altitude of 9,800 meters (32,000ft), and ten days later, by a civilian photographer aboard a harbor tug during Shinano's initial sea trials in Tokyo Bay. Sunk from internal explosion of unknown cause. The result was not long in coming: Launched in April 1931 and completed in May 1933, IJN Ruyjo was dangerously unstable, taking an uncontrollable roll as she was overloaded with high metacentric point. In January 1942, she she covered the Rabaul and Kavieng invasions and from April 1942, 11th Air Fleet. Displacement: 25,675 t. standard -32 100 t. Full Load The IJN decided on the latter, albeit with a reduced work force which was expected to be able to launch the ship in one year. The second hit the compartment where the starboard outboard propeller shaft entered the hull and flooded the outboard engine room. 20 vessel planned however only 4 completed. At the time of poor capabilities of planes against battleships, it sounded logical to keep the strenght and armament of capital ships in aicraft carriers, having barbette guns and armour made therefore a guarantee of self-defense against any incoming naval threat. Deep sea explorers have found two Japanese aircraft carriers that were sunk in battle in World War Two. It can be none other than Akagi.. with Heinkel, 20 built Fuel tanks were dislocated, massed planes exploded in chain, fire spread to the two hangars causing a series of new explosions. Also on board were 300 shipyard workers and 40 civilian employees. Their economic diesels well adapted to their old function were replaced by destroyers geared steam turbines to follow the fleet. IJn Taiho was launched in April 1943, completed in March 1944, but had a very short operational career since her first major operation was the Battle of the Philippine Sea during which she unsuccessfully used her air group but was torpedoed by USS Archerfish on June 19, 1944. In this configuration, there were also 12 120 mm pieces in double turrets and 22 heavy machine guns. She had a small command bridge and a tripod mast, removed in 1923 to achieve a flush-deck, kept since. The discoveries, in 17,000 feet of water, were made by the Research Vessel Petrel, in conjunction with the Navy, and are part of an underwater exploration effort started by Paul Allen, the co-founder of Microsoft. -Kyushu K9W1 Momiji (1942) biplane trainer based on the Bcker Bu-131, 339 built The last aircraft carrier sunk in wartime was the Japanese aircraft carrier Amagi, in Kure Harbour in July 1945. A graduate of the Science Communication Program at UC Santa Cruz, her work has appeared in The Atlantic, Scientific American, Science News and Nature. Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo, an experienced, cautious officer, would command the operation. The only seaplane she carried was provisionally stored in the workshops for repairs. Even so, the pressure to finish as quickly as possible led to poor workmanship by the workforce. The Ki-76 had so much sustentation that she actually could land on her short deck. It became the mainstay of the IJNA until the end of the war and beyond, retired in 1924-25. Total carrying capacity was only 100 aircraft, of which 70 were usable, the others kept in reserve, and only 47 actually operational at all time for the air group. Her good underwater protection however prevented the ship from capsizing, and she stayed afloat for 7 hours, leaving pkenty of time to evacuate her crew and try to save her, and later evacuate her when she sank on November 29, 1944. Yokosuka D4Y (1942) codename Judy diver bomber, 2,038 built, Mitsubishi G3M (1935), 1,048 built, long range twin engine navy land-based bomber, codename Nell. [39] The executive officer blamed the large amount of water that entered the ship on the failure to air-test the compartments for leaks. The U.S. intercepted communications about the Japanese fleets surprise attack on June 3, 1942, and waited for them to strike. They also soon advocated the enemys carriers were to be main targets of naval air power. IJN Ibuki was 80% complete in March 1945 when work stopped. The bow was raised by a level in 1940. Displacement: 29,300 t. standard -37,720 t. Full Load She was present in Kure in March 1945, bombed and severely hit but remained afloat and eventually sunk in 1946. Top speed: 22 knots From June 1936, she joined the Third Carrier Division, and in 1939, overhauled, with flying boat tending facilities. The IJN also tested the Dewoitine D.510J in 1936, the Canadian Car & Foundry AXG1 in 1938, Heinkel A7He1 (12), Seversky A8V (20) the same year, the American Douglas HXD and Fairchild LXF1, and used 20 Seversky A8V recce monoplanes. -Kawanishi K-11 (1927) experimental fighter, 2 built Displacement: 13,600 t. standard -16 496 t. Full Load Dimensions: 266 m long, 36.3 m wide, 10.3 m draft The fourth flooded the starboard air compressor room, adjacent anti-aircraft gun magazines, and the No. Sonar imaging reveals intricate details about the Akagi, which is lying about 18,000 feet (5,490 metres) under water, The Akagi aircraft carrier was sunk during the Battle of Midway, during which hundreds of Japanese and US sailors died, Pictures reveal large sections of the boats are still intact, like this gun mount from the Kaga, The secret mine that hid the Nazis' stolen treasure. This List of Japanese Naval ships and war vessels in World War II is a list of seafaring vessels of the Imperial Japanese Navy of World War II. [33] When it became apparent the damage was more severe than first thought, Abe ordered a change of course towards Shiono Point, the southernmost tip of Honshu's Kii Peninsula. This was pushed by naval aviators, arguing they needed to win the aerial engagement to clear space over the opposing fleets before final surface battle, notably to elminate the enemys own spotters. Wasp, a United States Navy aircraft carrier, slipped beneath the waves 350 miles southeast of Guadalcanal. [35], At 10:57 Shinano finally capsized and sank stern-first at coordinates (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}3307N 13704E / 33.117N 137.067E / 33.117; 137.067Coordinates: 3307N 13704E / 33.117N 137.067E / 33.117; 137.067), 65 miles (105km) from the nearest land, in approximately 4,000 meters (13,000ft) of water, taking 1,435 officers, men and civilians to their deaths. Also Japanese officers were invited to assist demonstration of HMS Furious in 1918, and probably informed of a new dedicated carrier just ordered, which led to secure the addition of a carrier in eight-eight fleet program that same year. Armament: 10 x 203, 16 x 100, 30 x 25 mm AA, 90 aircraft Both Callaghan and Scott were posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. A6M for example designated the sixth type of carrier fighter under this designation system, and that it was built by Mitsubishi. Top speed: 33 knots Her career ended when USS Drum torpedoed IJN Mizuho on 1st May 1942, 40 nautical miles off Omaezaki, Japan just before midnight. Nakajima E4N (1930), recce floatplane, 153 built, retired late 1930s Top speed: 34.2 knots [4] The last aircraft carrier sunk in wartime was the Japanese aircraft carrierAmagi, in Kure Harbour in July 1945. [9][10], Shinano's machinery was identical to that of her half-sisters. Repaired, she was able after armistice, to repatriate Japanese POWs and troops and was BU in 1947. He was 91. Like her predecessors in the Essex line of carriers. Displacement: 17,500 t. standard -20 586 t. Full Load The official designation of the submarine was Type A (Ko) submarine. Aichi H9A (1940), recce seaplane, 31 built On the evening of 21 February, USS Bismarck Sea (CVE 95) had just recovered her aircraft from a strike when a swarm of Japanese planes appeared. [25], Abe's request was denied, and Shinano departed as scheduled with the escorting destroyers at 18:00 on 28 November. Explorers Find Sunken Japanese Aircraft Carrier from the Battle of Midway, The Most Important Battles of World War II, South Korea Is Building an American Arsenal Ship, Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Scientists, ocean explorers, and historians have found the, This is the second Japanese aircraft carrier that the team has found in a week, and earlier this year, the crew discovered the. In this new configuration she saw her diesels replaced by for destroyers turbines, and served both as an aircraft carrier and training ships for pilots. Kawanishi E7K (1934) main recce floatplane, 533 built, served in WW2 IJN Hiryu in 1939 and 1941 Colorized by irootoko jr. Coming from the 1931-32 program including Soryu, IJN Hiryu was laid down two years later and closely inspired by it. America's victory at Midway dealt a huge blow to Japan's naval capabilities and was seen as a turning point in the Pacific War. She was very fast, well enough to escape capital ships, built and armed to withstand attacks of light ships such as destroyers, not to mention the rampart constituted by her major air group, 71 aircraft in all, much more than the Hosho. On board, all 2,046 men, of the crew and IJAs 64th Infantry Regiment went with her. but a violent earthquake caused the destruction of the basin in which was this twin of the Akagi, whose hull was dislocated. Her aviation fuel stores were blasted, and she capsized and sank just 15 minutes after air raid started, with only 178 surviving. Scientists, ocean explorers, and historians have found the Akagi, a Japanese aircraft carrier that sank during the Battle of Midway in World War II. This explorer found the Titanic. Their ship was just found. The Yorktown was discovered in 1998 by oceanographer Robert Ballard, in 16,000 feet of water, also northwest of Hawaii. By November 1940, she was assigned to the 24th Air Flotilla, 4th Fleet from December 1941. [20], On 19 November 1944, Shinano was formally commissioned at Yokosuka, having spent the previous two weeks fitting out and performing sea trials. Dimensions: 227.40 m long, 22.32 m wide, 7.84 m draft -In 1939 also first flew the Nakajima LXD-1, transport four-engined prototype. Displacement: 12,500 t. standard -14 570 t. Full Load Importantly, fire mains and bailing systems lacked pumps and were inoperable; even though most of the crew had sea-going experience,[23] they lacked training in the portable pumps on board. These were large vessels capable of operating 24 aircraft, and capable of 29 knots for the first two and 22 for Mizuho. She had six small funnels extending to port and starboard, which can be raised or lowered depending on the use of the deck. [13], The ship was originally scheduled for completion in April 1945, but construction was expedited after the defeat at the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as the IJN anticipated that the United States would now be able to bomb Japan with long-range aircraft from bases in the Mariana Islands. Yokosuka K5Y (1934) 5,770 main IJN biplane trainer, with undercarriage or floats, used during WW2 In 1944, their AA was increased to forty-four 25 mm AA, and 6 rocket launchers with 28 tubes, with also eight ASW grenades attached to side cradles. Yamato was sunk during a one-way trip to Okinawa during. Their flying deck was shorter than the hull. Sunk by Germans to block Genova Harbor, Escort carrier / landing craft depot ship, Crippled by dive bombers. By March 1942, with Chitose her planes damaged USS Pope, and the destroyer was latter reported to Ryj and Ashigara and Myk which finished her off. Over a thousand sailors and civilians were rescued and 1,435 were lost, including her captain. The official designation of the submarine was Sen'yu type submarine, The only US ship surrendered to Japanese during World War II. Dimensions: 149 x 20.4 x 8.4 (488 x 67 x 28 ft) The rather extraordinary losses suffered by Japan because of US submersibles forced the admiralty to apply recipes of their enemies to face the same danger, and recommended solutions included the use of cheap escorts vessels, submarine hunters, and escort aircraft carriers. The greatest loss of life was the 2,046 killed on Akitsu Marua converted passenger liner with a small flight deck, carrying the Imperial Japanese Army's 64th Infantry Regiment. Conversion work started at Sasebo in November and she had two lift servicing a single hangar. Within a few minutes the ship was listing 10 degrees to starboard. The raid inflicted minimal material damage on Japanese soil but had major psychological repercussions, in exposing the vulnerabilities of the Japanese homeland. Machinery: 2 steam turbines, 6 boilers, 65,000 hp. She was an experimental destroyer, with new high-temperature, high-pressure steam turbines and mounting a total of 15 torpedo tubes. Relegated to mostly secondary roles. IJN Mizuho was a near sister to the Chitose, but dropping turbines for less powerful diesels, whereas gaining extra range. Amagi was however damaged during the Great Kanto earthquake in 1923 and so badly damaged she was dismantled. good train. Armor: Belt 56, flight deck 80, internal partitions 130, stores 151 mm The U.S. lost the carrier Yorktown and the destroyer Hammann, while the carriers USS Enterprise and USS Hornet survived the battle fully intact. Armament: 12 x 127, 51 x 25 mm AA, 65 aircraft On 30 September Wakamiya was in turn damaged by a mine and left her seaplanes behind as she departed for Japan for repairs. The five Sullivan brothers, serving together, were killed in World War II. These two aircraft carriers, Zuiho and Shoho, were started as fleet tankers, IJN Takasagi and Tsurugisaki. In the face of this failure, IJN Ryujo was taken over for a radical reconstruction in 1934-36. [21] Worried about her safety after a U.S. reconnaissance bomber fly-over,[21] the Navy General Staff ordered Shinano to depart for Kure by no later than 28 November, where the remainder of her fitting-out would take place. The ship had an aviation gasoline (avgas) capacity of 720,000 liters (160,000impgal; 190,000U.S. [26] Abe preferred a daylight passage, since it would have allowed him extra time to train his crew and given the destroyer crews time to rest. IJN Kamoi carried 22 Nakajima E4N or 12 Yokosuka E5Y. Yokosuka H5Y (1936) Type 99 Flying Boat Model 11, 20 built Shortly after Midway, both took advantage of their immobilization to pour concrete into existing spaces between bulkheads and fuel tanks. 141143, 150158, 161, List of ships sunk by submarines by death toll, "What did the USN know about Yamato and when? Aircraft carrier of the Imperial Japanese Navy, Ships that were lost on their maiden voyage, 1 = Due to enemy action. Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano Shinano () was an aircraft carrier built by the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II, the largest such built up to that time. In 1941, considerd obsolete, Hosho was no longer part of the squadron, she was relegated to secondary duties as training ship since 1941, and aicraft transport. Officially known as the 1st Air Fleet (, or Daiichi Kk Kantai it was known also as the Kid Butai (Mobile Force). BANGKOK -- A piece of prized World War II U.S. naval history, the wreckage of the aircraft carrier USS Lexington, which was sunk by the Japanese in a . The 900 troops and most of the crew went down with her. Nakajima C2N (1930) staff carrier developed with Fokker, used by the navy and army (Ki-6), prod. Yokosuka K2Y (1929), main navy trainer based on Avro 504, rarely mounted on floats. In September 1942 she was at Kavieng (Solomon) and conducted many Tokyo Express transport runs to Guadalcanal. They only carried 12 planes, but also 12 type A submersibles. They were actually gunboats and escort ships. Hiro H4H (1933) recce seaplane, 47 built, retired 1940 Yokosuka MXY-8 Akigusa (1945), a clone of the German Me 163 Komet, which plans and parts arrived via U-Boat. [21] The crew were confident in the ship's armor and strength, which translated into lax initial efforts to save the ship. A hangar was added to it, but its turrets were removed and the 203-mm pieces were rearranged into barbettes at the rear. Never completed. 13.2 mm AA, 27 aircraft Dimensions: 260.7 m long, 31.5 m wide, 8.7 m draft (full load) [24] The escorting destroyers, Isokaze, Yukikaze and Hamakaze, had just returned from the Battle of Leyte Gulf and required more than three days to conduct repairs and to allow their crews to recuperate. A fifth Kk Sentai was added with IJN Shokaku and Zuikaku in December. Both ships underwent significant modernization on 19341936, rebuilding the superstructure into the more familiar, 5 planned, 1 converted into an Aircraft carrier, 2 cancelled. The remains of the Japanese aircraft carrier Kaga have been found for the first time since 1942. Mitsubishi A6M Zero Zeke (1939): By far the most famous navy fighter. Shinano was the heaviest aircraft carrier yet built, a record she held until the 81,000-metric-ton (80,000-long-ton) USSForrestal was launched in 1954.
Jennifer Williams Eye Color,
Is Nail Polish Remover The Same As Rubbing Alcohol,
Has The Euphrates River Dried Up Before,
Ashley Furniture Slipcover Sectional,
Articles J