2015). Cultural life centered around the kitenta, the royal compound. The village head political system of Lower Mustang is described by Vinding (1994), in which two village heads, a treasurer, and six village workers are elected each year by the villagers, which is different from the formal politico-administrative governance unit of the state. Climate change impacts and adaptation response: A study of Trans-Himalaya (Upper Mustang), Nepal. Conference Proceedings 2016: The Annual Kathmandu Conference on Nepal and the Himalaya. We can also observe a new development in the family and marriage system, people are practicing family planning, which allows the birth of a few children, so no more celibacy is required to control the population. It must have been 40Celsius. These five colors symbolize wind, sky, earth, water, and fire, respectively. They are also required to manage the household economy (land, livestock, trade), and look after their entire family members, including the parents, brothers, and sisters, until they become adults. and women like chili pepper, snuff and alcohol. It operates at different levels, from individuals to households, clusters, and in broader areas such as region. Stratification, polyandry, and family structure in Central Tibet. The former King of Mustang, Jigme Dorje Palba Bista, died in 2016 in Kathmandu, and his son runs a hotel in Lo. There is no native So here we were going round and round the mountain trails of dust and sand, often losing sight of the Manang range and the Nilgiri, which were our markers. The legend of the ancestors of the Loba 7086). If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. years, Loba men usually cross long knives, wear fur hunting clothes and fur Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Secretariat. various color patterns. Nationality. We soon realised it was a huge risk to change travel plans mid trek, especially in these parts where villages are far away from each other. Crate, Susan A., and Nuttall, Mark. In archery competitions, Garbo's arrows landed on both sides of the fruit, the Many Loba people migrated to work in high-earning countries and regions like the USA, Europe, and Japan, and supplied a high cash flow. The legend of the ancestors of the Loba As local youth of Lo-manthang migrated out, the cheap labor from other districts immigrated to the place seasonally, mostly to work in farm-fields, repairing irrigation canals, and fencing farm-fields, as well as the construction of house building and roads and bridges. Loba society and a way of existence of the folk life of the Loba people. The Loba people informally still recognized the former prince as the King. Traditionally, the means of transportation used to be the draught power, particularly the mules and horses to carry goods and oxen for farm-plough. However, this trade ended totally after the 1950s. Mustang's later poverty may have preserved the original wall paintings. He Aanis were not allowed to marry and had to shave their heads and wear red clothes. Mario Time is still not over, as the animated film has broken another record, becoming the first film of 2023 to pass the $1 billion mark at the global box office. As the Lo-manthang was the center of the Buddhist Himalayan pilgrimage, various well-known Lamas, such as Tulko Lato Marpo, Rinchen Zangpo, and Yogi Lama Milarepa visited the Lo kingdom. These children are mostly sponsored by donors. The first author who wrote this paper also presented at the international seminar held at the Central University, Jharkhand, Ranchi, India. The residents of Lo are known as the Loba. deeply influenced by the Tibetans, and their daily diet and food preparation Khattri, M.B., Pandey, R. Indigenous institutions as adaptive measures to environmental dynamics: an ethnographic study of Loba Community of Upper Mustang, Nepal. They allocate some pasturelands as protected areas and used only in the scare period (FebruaryMarch) when their livestocks become the physically weakest and most vulnerable due to the shortage of fodder. j. anthropol. where he settled for a period of time. Although informal, the King still has some power, recognized by Loba communities, to modify individuals or households fine fixed by the ghenba system. This type of household also has a compatible practice of fraternal polyandry. Introduction: Anthropology and climate change. nationality has successfully declared the national intangible cultural heritage Amchi Ghyatso Bista estimates that only one-tenth of cultivated land is under cultivation now. The Loba Left Coast Press. Many farmers have stopped farming activities in Lo-manthang, as a consequence, widespread abandonment of the cultivated land is observed. Most of these sourherners (Lhoba means southerners in Tibetan language) do not traditionally self-identify as a single entity and speak different languages but considered the same Lhoba minority by Chinese and Tibetans. The Lo King system with the privilege of titular Kingship ended in 2008. Migration, social change, health, and the realm of the possible: womens stories between Nepal and New York: womens stories. According to the key informants, Aani Gomba was established about a century ago, with the suggestion of a lama from Bhutan. These changes have made Upper Mustang even drier since the snow in the spring melts faster, increases runoff, and reduces water storage in the form of snow, therefore decreasing the availability of water but increasing landslides and flooding. In Asian highland societies in anthropological perspective, edited by Christoph von Frer-Haimendorf, pp. Gongbu area (Milin County, Linzhi County, Gongbu Jiangda County). The Reme gyapkin, the turn system followed in different spheres of Loba life. Lo-manthang and Lo Ghekar Damodar Kunda are two rural municipalities where thirty-nine village settlements are located (District Development Committee, Mustang, 2068 BS: 2012AD). Xudulong Festival is the most special Lhoba festival which is celebrated on the second month of Tibetan calendar. Now Gomba has started enrollment of novices from other regions of Nepal. Lhoba women wears skirts made from sheep's wool and narrow-sleeved blouses. Occasionally, a daring four-wheel-drive vehicle might brave the odds to drive to Lo Manthang, the capital. Lobas speak their own Loba language, which is similar to the Western Tibetan Language. John Murry. the Loba people. - Few evangelicals and few who identify as Christians. They are supposed to contribute compulsory labor to maintain the irrigation system. activities. The consequence is increased external dependency rather than adapting to the local environmental system. And there were hundreds waiting to get there. They perform many rituals at the palace and Gomba (monastery) for the well-being of humans, animals, and plants. This study has contributed significantly to the advancement of the Ostroms (1990, 1993) eight design principles and made it ten, in the case of local institutions of the Loba community of Upper Mustang. District Development Committee, Mustang. Marriage among/between the children of two brothers is called ruru; and marriage between children of two sisters shya-shya is considered incest and sinful. The Dhongbas are units of production of the local social-ecosystem that are entitled to use local resources within the context of the institutions agreed rules, norms, and values. Chhetri, Ram Bahadur. When Bang took The King and ghemba formulate or design rules and govern the community affairs, whereas Lama or gomba educate people about peace and harmony and ensure justice in society following the norms and values of Tibetan Buddhism. This was to be the easiest part of the Mustang trek. Terms and Conditions, This is evident even in the way the Loba build their homes. The artists are Newars, or Mongoloids, different ethnically from, though partly intermingled with, the peoples of India, whose art they made their ownwhether its themes were Hindu or Buddhist. The artwork of the Luba Kingdom was also appreciated by Europeans, and was traded too. The semi-structured checklist was prepared to guide the KII to seek information on institutions that govern their unity with the Lo kingdom, craft their norms, values, beliefs, perceptions, and adaptive strategies to cope with the changing socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions. For some years now, these murals are being restored under the stewardship of Luigi Feini, an Italian who has trained the local people to do the work. Traditionnal political system in Mustang, Nnepal. countryside. Todays Loba have little idea of the source of the ancient rich pigments. Craig, Sienna R. 2011. Central Bureau of Statistics. Little, if any, history of Christianity. labor, especially in festivals, religious ceremonies and other collective 2005. From the time, Mustang became the vassal state of Nepal and the King of the Mustang had the titular privilege of enjoying the title of raja (the King) by receiving state grants and customary rights from the Kingdom of Nepal (Dhungel 2002). If we had followed Sumans original plan, there would have been no respite from boulders, rocks and slopes for the next eight days. We have also used secondary data to evaluate the facts and ideas, from published scholarly journals to grey literature on the related themes. The chortens (temple) were crowded with garlands of rocks inscribed in Tibetan. However, this tradition has seemingly ended recently, as the King and Queen live in Kathmandu because of their fragile health condition. Used with permission from Adopt-A-People Clearinghouse. This legacy is an important form of ancient primitive religious beliefs 1 global company with the best workplace culture. ), Anthropology and Sociology of Nepal: Cultures, Societies, Ecology and Development (pp. Gorgeous grey and brown cliffs, looking like exquisite shades of raw silk, shimmered in the backdrop. Gombas were supported by local dhongbas, who were mobilizing local resources. Since the area does not allow grain cultivation, until very recently, most Lhoba people depended on hunting. Historical studies documented that the Lo Kingdom was incorporated into modern Nepal in 1789, maintaining a distinct cultural identity. The Loba are primarily farmers, shepherds, or merchants. Community support from the formal Government institution and NGOs decreased the role and responsibilities of traditional institutions toward community work. It is not even a dirt track but a boulder- and rock-strewn unpaved road prone to landslides. The fieldwork in Lo-manthang, Upper Mustang started in 2012, but regular interviews and observations were conducted in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2023 respectively. originally lived in Gongbu, but later moved to Baden Banga, Milin Village, Qualitative data were collected by applying observation and interviews. However, Loba people have been adapting to new and heavier conditions by hiring paid laborers supplied from outside. Nepal is multi ethnic, multi lingual and multi cultural country. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2014.951018. tribes. They arrange all the business and support to strengthen the economy of the palace. At some point, the river must have been wide and flowing; now all that remains is a splayed creek on a bed of rocks and pebbles. Yet, the restored sections are not a patch on the originals. The issue of identity is complex, multifaceted, and overlapped. We moved on, to Tsaile across the river where we would have our lunch and halt for the night. Until 1992, this area was closed to the outside world. Besides, we also had, in a moment of recklessness, included in our itinerary Upper Mustang, one of the two Tibetan provinces in Nepal, which stretched our trek to an insane 24 days: insane because none of us were habitual trekkers even if we were reasonably fit. It is inhabited by the Loba and the Khampa. Ostrom (1990, 1993) has conceptualized eight design principles of local institutions: defined boundaries, provisional equivalence between benefits and costs, collective choice arrangements, monitoring, graduated sanction, conflict resolution mechanisms, minimal recognition of rights to organize and nested enterprises. This paper presents Loba identity on their self-categorization, language, homeland, cultural practices, religious or spiritual practices, settlement types, types of social categories, and livelihood pattern, because without such knowledge, the roles of their institutions in adaptation facilitation cannot be understood adequately. Joshua Project occasionally adjusts profile text from third party sources. The Luba are savanna and forest dwellers who practice hunting, food gathering, and agriculture (cassava, corn [maize]), keep small livestock, and live in villages of a single street, with rectangular thatched-roof huts along either side. The Loba nationality mainly distributes The communities near Tibetan people, the cuisine also includes potatoes and spicy food. Part of On that day, Bang and his two sons lived in the Nayu Valley (now in the Ask God to send Christian tourists and hikers to Nepal who will share the love of Jesus with the Loba. She says storing seeds is a cultural task of Bijags women. Cite this article. Pasture is managed in turn by splitting them into plots. Both men and women do not wear shoe ware. The dominant sect is Ngorpa, a sub-sect of Syakyapa. Dhongbas work for the King during crop cultivation and harvesting time. 1996. The dhongba is an important institution of Loba that maintains succession and inheritance and manages all ancestral properties. The ghenba makes rules and regulations on agriculture and fixes a specific day to begin the cultivation and harvesting of crops. 2015. Until the 1950s, the Loba tribes were project. Climate change in Nepal and its impact on Himalayan glaciers. The formal Kingship ended by the Nepali state in 2008. The art of Nepal is centred in the Kthmndu Valley, in an area of less than 250 square miles (650 square kilometres). Weaving process more complicated, in keeping the national characteristics on the basis of the dress nice. The findings of this paper were presented by the first author at the Central University, Jharkhand, Ranchi, India on the occasion of Janjatiya Gaurav Diwas (14-16th Nov. 2022). Amchi Ghyatso Bista further adds that after April and May, more in-migrant workers than the people of the Loba community can be seen in Lo-manthang. H.R. University Grants Commission, Nepal, funded to conduct this research in 2012 to Man Bahadur Khhattri. One of the main reasons for reduced interest in the system is associated with the out-migration of households, and they no longer utilize the irrigation facility. Those people who have traveled outside of Lo-manthang for work, study, or business and have already earned a good amount of money can contribute to rituals. Joshua Project makes every effort to ensure that the subject in an image is in fact from the specific people group. protection project, which will be more conducive to the protection of the folk Lama teaches ordinary people about offering water (tho) and light (chhume) to God. Our travel agent, Suman, who is in his forties and an avid trekker of yesteryear, sits in distant Kathmandu. Kagbeni is the jumping-off point for the Upper Mustang trek and Muktinath. This turn system is unique to the Lobas and can be considered a primary democratic mechanism, which is instrumental to governing the people of Upper Mustang, particularly in Lo-manthang. They build their homes out of stone, making the roofs out of thinly chiseled stone squares. These local institutions are cooperating well, successfully regulating, managing, and protecting agricultural, forest, and pasture lands, and maintaining the monuments in Lo-manthang for centuries. Shrestha, Uttam Babu, Shiva Gautam, and Kamaljit S. Bawa. The national first-class protected birds include the Tragopan, which is mainly distributed in the forest area of H. Kathmandu: Center for Nepal and Asian Studies, T.U., Nepal. The Upper Mustang was established as an independent state by King Amepal in 1440 AD. The first modern scholar to view the paintings of Thubchen and Jampa was the great Tibetologist, Giuseppe Tucci, who was allowed to visit Mustang . Road networks have linked them to the market, which supplies required materials at a lower price and through easier ways than producing those consumables locally. The maides considered themselves nobles and saw the niebas inferior and at their disposal. Jomsom had found its way onto the aviation map of Nepal primarily to service pilgrims headed to the Muktinath shrine. District Development Committee, Mustang. As Nina Wegner explained via email, "A new school in Lo Manthang offers the national curriculum in the Loba's native language of Lowa, while an amchi (Tibetan doctor) school instills young people with the science, art and . The Lobas of Monthang: Loba ethnography and tourism as development. 2000; Peterson & Broad 2009), to understand the variation in place-specific impacts of climate change. The society practices monogamy and polygamy. These forces contributed to bringing notable changes in livelihoods and food security, household management, community monastery management, dress pattern and food behavior of Loba community (Pandey 2017). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1409.2011.01092.x. They had practiced polyandry marriage until the recent past.
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