The FBIs Uniform Crime Reports has collected information on crimes known to the police and arrests from local and state jurisdictions throughout the country. There are some robust paradigms of mood-dependent memory. Lessler, and J. Devore 1992 Effects of mode of administration and wording on reporting of drug use. Content validity is a subjective or logical assessment of the extent to which a measure adequately reflects the full domain, or full content, that is contained in the concept being measured. For the comparison between self-reported delinquency/drug use and official arrests, however, validity is lower for African Americans than Hispanics. Criminology 32:1-21. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations present in article comments are those of the writers and do not necessarily reflect the views of APS or the articles author. Respondents were asked if they had been arrested and, if so, how many times. This is particularly the case given the level of reliability that self-reported data have (see previous section). Also, the randomized response technique generated random errors; that is, the errors were not correlated with other important variables. ' Or, This interviewer has a hell of a nerve; its none of his business, ergo I dont feel dishonest lying about this.). More recently, however, Farrington et al. The results indicated that the randomized response approach does make a difference. Anderson, L.S., T.G. It is important that we understand more about the validity of both types of data for these purposes. The screen must not yield many false positives, it must be understandable by people of widely varying literacy and cultural backgrounds; 75% of the general population should score zero on the test, meaning that it is sensitive to only the serious cases. The self-report method for measuring crime and delinquency has developed substantially since it was introduced a half century ago. Thornberry, T.P., and M.D. Many individual items are required to represent the entire domain of delinquent behavior, to represent each of its subdomains, and to ensure that each subdomain (e.g., violence, drug use) is itself adequately represented. There has been little systematic investigation of validity at different ages, especially for the same subjects followed over time. Lauer 1983 Are self-reports of adolescent deviance valid? And, Geeta Menon of New York Universitys Department of Marketing has analyzed the role of the decompositional question in eliciting recall of regular versus sporadic behaviors. During this period of time researchers began to recognize the true potential of the self-report methodology. Self-report surveys reveal which of the following? Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. The most recent investigation of this topic is by Maxfield, Weiler, and Widom (2000), using Widoms (1989) sample of child maltreatment victims and their matched controls. Early self-report scales had substantial weaknesses, containing few items and producing an assessment of only minor forms of offending. A psychiatrist asks questions until he knows the answers he is seeking, but screening tests must be designed for administration by non-specialists, with minimal preparation. Abstract. This type of data is not as easily available in medical charts or claims data. succeed. Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology, and Police Science 50:433-440. While comparisons across known groups are helpful, they offer a minimal test of criterion validity. Pp. "The solution is to have really tight third-party vendor risk management practices and get reliable assurances about the information protection practices of your vendors," Huval suggested. Smith, and K. Tobin In Press The Toll of Gang Membership: Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective. It appears that survey respondents are quite willing to self-report their involvement with the juvenile justice and criminal justice systems. Inclusion of frequency response sets. The reliability coefficients vary somewhat depending on the number and types of delinquent acts included in the index and the scoring procedures used (e.g., simple frequencies or ever-variety scores), but scores well above 0.80 are common. They also serve the role of gauging the country's social indicators. Farrington, eds. The inventory includes 32 items that tap general delinquency and 12 that tap drug use, for a total of 44 items. Social Problems 5:207-213. aThe method of asking about arrests changed during the course of the study. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. search efforts should not lose sight of the fact that the problem may be with the criterion variable (official records) and not the self-reports. The randomized response technique assumes that the basic problem with the validity of self-reported responses is that respondents are trying to conceal sensitive information; that is, they are unwilling to report undetected criminal behavior as long as there is any chance of others, including the researchers, linking the behavior to them. This would not account for the drop in the age-specific rates observed by Thornberry (1989), however. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Bersoff implores researchers to at least address these issues before beginning research studies. It is important to be prepared for this response and ready to explain the science behind the validity of such data. Advancement of Science 25:171-184. There are no fundamental challenges to the reliability of these data. Maxfield and colleagues (2000) did find lower reporting for females than males. Performance on other cognitive tasks is affected by mood, and so we should expect recall to be influenced by mood. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. It also generates great quantities of data, but the analysis of that data poses unique and controversial statistical problems, because they do not fit into the standard definitions of repeated measures. More recently, Lauritsen (1998) examined this topic using hierarchical linear models to estimate growth curve models for general delinquency and serious delinquency. If one could not observe the behavior taking place, self-reports of delinquent and criminal behavior would be the data source nearest to the actual behavior. They observed that a relatively small number of youth commit a disproportionate number of serious offenses. HRA, Akers and colleagues (1983) examined tobacco use among a sample of junior and senior high school students in Muscatine, Iowa. Demonstrations that there can be both false negatives and false positives in memories of events that occurred long ago (or did not occur at all) have a particular relevance to the problem of sexual abuse of children. Chiricos, and G.P. Although a reasonable expectation for attitudinal measures, this expectation is less reasonable for behavioral inventories such as self-report measures of delinquency. Application to a wider age range. The NYS surveyed a nationally representative sample of 1,725 youth ages 11 to 17 in 1976. The self-reported arrest measure asks respondents if they had been arrested or picked up by the police since the last interview. A third source of crime information is the self-report survey. Catalano, and J.Y. Porterfield, A.L. Some of them involve the construction of valid measures at different developmental stages; others involve the consequences of repeated measures. Table 3-3 presents the results by race/ethnicity. Most major crime in this country emanates from two major data sources. Thornberry 2001 Temporal Linkages in Violent and Nonviolent Criminal Activity. Simply asking about a handful of these behaviors does not accurately represent the theoretical construct of crime. London: Academic Press. Computer software can be programmed to include skip patterns and increase the probability that the respondent will answer all appropriate questions. Her analysis of individual growth trajectories indicates that the decline is observed across all waves. Focusing on the juvenile years, ages 11 to 17, they compared results based on self-reports to those based on court referrals. These studies found that, while most juveniles engaged in some delinquency, relatively few committed serious delinquency repetitively. On the other hand, if one has just been arrested for a serious crime like robbery or burglary, admitting to recent drug use may not be considered a big deal. Relatively little attention has been paid to this issue in the study of criminal careers and, in particular, the study of self-report measures. Menons research indicates that the open-ended question (How many times did you do X in the last month?) tends to encourage the subject to answer by referring to a rule, or an estimate of frequency. 1989 Panel effects and the use of self-reported measures of delinquency in longitudinal studies. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Miller 1992 Risk and protective factors for alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: Implications for substance abuse prevention. Gradually, as the underlying validity of the approach became evident, the scales expanded in terms of breadth, seriousness, and comprehensiveness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. It is hard to determine whether this is a problem with the self-report measures, the official measures, or both. The respondents provided saliva samples that were used to detect nicotine use by the level of salivary thiocyanate. For regularly occurring behaviors this elicits accurate answers with the minimum of mental effort. For the general delinquency index the concurrent odds ratio was 2:8 and the predictive odds ratio was 2:2. These researchers also compared the extent to which boys with official court petitions self-reported being apprehended by the police. A few examples of this approach can be offered. By these criteria, the difficulties in self-report instruments currently in use would appear to be surmountable; the method of self-reports does not appear from these studies to be fundamentally flawed. Criminology 27:251-271. As was the case with the Seattle data, African American males substantially underreported their involvement in delinquency. Reliability measures are impressive and the majority of studies produce validity coefficients in the moderate to strong range. Nettler, G. 1978 Explaining Crime. 1986 Reassessing the reliability and validity of self-report delinquent measures. The observed decline in age-specific rates could be due to an underlying secular drop in offenses during these years (1976-1981). Create your account. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. He argues that even such studies as the NYS (Elliott, 1994) do not include many items that are more serious, and therefore appropriate for adults, than the items included in the original Short and Nye study (1957). This paper reviews the history of the third methodself-report surveysassesses its validity and reliability, and compares results based on this approach to those based on official data. Having instead to resort to chemical testing for glucose is often impractical. 2000 Population heterogeneity and state dependence: State of the evidence and directions for future research. Psychological Bulletin 112:64-105. Condition-targeted health assessments for service line growth. Kulik, J.A., K.B. For any measure to be scientifically worthwhile it must possess both reliability and validity. Indeed, if one examines the general literature on delinquent and criminal behavior, it is surprising how few theoretically expected relationships are not observed for self-reported measures of delinquency and crime. Of the pupils registered as a suspect, 62 percent admitted . Lessler, and J.C. Gfroerer, eds. There has been less development of instruments targeted at adults. Another way Huizinga and Elliott assessed the level of test-retest reliability is by estimating the percentage of the sample that changed frequency responses by two or less. The self-report approach to measuring crime has acceptable, albeit far from perfect, reliability and validity. To assess the validity of self-reported delinquent behavior among elementary school children, Loeber and his colleagues compared the childrens self-reports to parental reports about similar behaviors. More research is needed to measure the size of this effect and its sources and to identify methods to reduce its threat to the validity of self-report data in the longitudinal studies so crucial to etiological investigation. Porterfield (1943, 1946) and Wallerstein and Wylie (1947), the work of Short and Nye (1957, 1958) revolutionized ideas about the feasibility of using survey procedures with a hitherto taboo topic and changed how the discipline thought about delinquent behavior itself (Hindelang et al., 1981:23). Erickson, M. and L.T. BETHESDA, MARYLAND-The accuracy and reliability of reports of one's own behavior and physical state are at the root of effective medical practice and valid research in health and psychology. TABLE 3-2 Yules Q Comparing the Prevalence of Self-Reported and Official Data, Rochester Youth Development Study, by Gender, Self-Reported Arrests with Official Arrests (n = 597 to 683), Self-Reported Delinquency/ Drug Use with Official Arrests (n = 599 to 686), Self-Reported Arrests with Official Arrests (n = 234 to 257), Self-Reported Delinquency/ Drug Use with Official Arrests (n = 234 to 257). There is no strong underlying expectation that the responses will be highly intercorrelated, and therefore an internal consistency approach to assessing reliability may not be particularly appropriate. Considerable attention has been paid to the development and improvement of their psychometric properties. For over 40 years, health plans, wellness organizations, and companies committed to improving health outcomes Copyright 2023 National Academy of Sciences. The differential domain of crime tapped by early self-report measures could also explain the discrepancy in findings regarding the association between social status and delinquency. Psychologist Daniel Kahneman of the Woodrow Wilson School at Princeton University studies the memory of pain, as in painful medical procedures. Finally, Lauritsen examined whether this testing effect is due to the introduction of detailed follow-up questions during wave 4 of the NYS or whether it appeared to be produced by general panel fatigue. In addition, many of the samples did not include enough high-rate offenders to clearly distinguish them from other delinquents. At the fifth NYS interview, 177 respondents were randomly selected and reinterviewed approximately four weeks after their initial assessment. Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text. For those who were 13, 15, or 17 at the start of the NYS, involvement in both general delinquency and serious delinquency decreased significantly over the next four years. Most of the coefficients are above 0.8, and 8 of the 18 coefficients are above 0.9. The higher prevalence rates need to be externally validated. Can a logical case be made that self-report measures of delinquency are valid in this respect? Clark, J.P., and E.P. This study was conducted as part of the Rotterdam Youth Monitor, a youth health surveillance system. To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter. They include comparisons between individuals with and without official arrest records, between individuals, convicted and not convicted of criminal offenses, and between institutionalized adolescents and high school students. Huizinga and Elliott (1986:303) summarized these results as follows: Scales representing more serious, less frequently occurring offenses (index offenses, felony assault, felony theft, robbery) have the highest precision, with 96 to 100 percent agreement, followed by the less serious offenses (minor assault, minor theft, property damage), with 80 to 95 percent agreement. Krohn, M.D., T.P. Reliability of Self-Reported Data - Recall Bias. It is crucial that more is learned about the magnitude of this bias and, if it exists, its source. Bachman 1996 National Survey Results on Drug Use from the Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1995. If the measure is highly reliable, few changes would be expected over time. The UCR is a report compiled by FBI that collects crime reports that have been well recorded and documented. Theoretically interesting issues concerning the family (Dentler and Monroe, 1961; Gold, 1970; Nye et al., 1958; Stanfield, 1966; Voss, 1964), peers (Erickson and Empey, 1963; Gold, 1970; Matthews, 1968; Reiss and Rhodes, 1964; Short, 1957; Voss, 1964), and school (Elliott, 1966; Gold, 1970; Kelly, 1974; Polk, 1969; Reiss and Rhodes, 1963) emerged as the central focus of self-report studies. They correlate a number of etio. Wolf 1979 Social Learning and Social Control Perspectives in Group Home Delinquency Treatment Research. Tourangeau and Smith indicate that techniques that are self-administered generally elicit higher rates of problematic behaviors than those administered by an interviewer. Moreover, the reactions of the juvenile and criminal justice systems often rely on information from victims or witnesses of crime. The self-report methodology continues to advance in terms of both its application to new substantive areas and the improvement of its design. As a result, the best that can be done is to compare different flawed measures of criminal involvement to see if there are similar responses and results. If the general domain of delinquent and criminal behavior is to be represented in a self-report scale, it is necessary for the scale to cover that same wide array of human activity. Comparing the UCR vs NCVS is not a just comparison, as the UCR surveys only reported offenses, and the NCVS surveys both reported and unreported offenses. Five of the most salient of these characteristics are the inclusion of (1) a wide array of offenses, including serious offenses; (2) frequency response sets; (3). Conger, R. 1976 Social control and social learning models of delinquency: A synthesis. Similarly, if someone reports that they have been involved in assaultive behavior, there is no reason to assume they have been involved in drug sales or loitering. Turner, C.F., J.T. The more serious an illegal behavior (e.g., the harder the drug), the less likely people are to report their recent use of it, while events in the distant past are less sensitive, and consequently are less likely to be concealed. Farrington, M. Stouthamer-Loeber, T.E. Both the urine samples and the interviews are provided voluntarily, and there is an 80 percent cooperation rate for the urine samples and a 90 percent cooperation rate for the interviews. The data analyzed by Thornberry show that the decline in reporting occurred across all waves. In these studies, children who were seen at hospitals for instances of sexual abuse were asked, many years later, to recall any such events. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a program of studies designed to assess the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. The self-report questionnaire is one of the most widely used assessment strategies in clinical psychology. Validity was highest for self-reports of drug involvement and lowest for property offenses, with violent offenses falling in the middle. Law enforcement can create initiatives to help keep crime rates low. Blumstein et al.s observation that we need to study the careers of criminals, including early precursors of delinquency, maintenance through the adolescent years, and later consequences during the adult years, was particularly important in recognizing the need for examining the life-course development of high-rate offenders with self-report methodology. Reporting Data Through High-Tech Diaries. Hindelang and colleagues (1981) offer one of the clearer assessments of construct validity. Our focus here will be on survey-based measures of self-reported happiness and life satisfaction. And one intention of the conference was to systematical1y review the documented problems across several research and medical contexts. It is not yet clear why these coefficients decline over time. Several of these issues are discussed in this section. Where we have other validation, thats great! It is also possible that the simple fact that a respondent is reinterviewed may create a generalized fatigue and lead to decreased willingness by the respondent to respond to self-report items. U.S. News collected the data for the 2022-2023 Best Colleges . There are several ways to assess validity. If so, there should be high internal consistency among self-reported delinquency items. People are generally not good at this, he finds, but there are interesting sex differences. In laboratory settings, men are better at perceiving their inner physiological states than are women, but the difference is largely erased when the studies are conducted in a more natural environment. Elliott, D.S., and S.S. Ageton 1980 Reconciling race and class differences in self-reported and official estimates of delinquency. Have a plan, have a policy, discuss the pros and cons of breaking confidentiality before the issue comes up, said Bersoff. Consequently, the effort should be placed on improving the self-report measures, as opposed to just looking for weaknesses or how they can be replaced by external measures, Baldwin emphasized in her comments that set the tone for the exceptionally practical conference. These developments have made self-report studies an integral part of the way crime and delinquency are studied. First-grade boys did have problems understanding the items regarding marijuana use and sniffing glue, and fourth-grade boys had difficulty understanding the question regarding sniffing glue. Catalano, K.G. Skolnick, J.V., C.J. For most subindices there appears to be acceptable reliability based on this measure. They rightfully pointed out that comparisons between these.
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