Mainfort, Robert C., Jr. In: Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 1890-'91, pp. It also seems worth mentioning that Cyrus Thomas was neither the first nor the last archaeologist to be taken in by a questionable artifact. He reported that the Bat Creek Stone was found under the skull of the south-facing skeleton. [5] Mainfort and Kwas have identified the source of the inscription. 131. Another of R is for "Ara" which is (Lion) QL is for "Qol" which is (voice) YH is for "Yah" which is (God) Journal of Archaeological Science 5(1):1-16. In the illustration orientation, this sign resembles the Cherokee "tlun:; inverted, it is somewhat similar to a reversed "si.". (By Cyrus H. Gordon). ii: Identified by Gordon as "waw", this sign is also impossible as Paleo-Hebrew in the period 100 B.C.-A.D. 100, based on shape and stance. online theory of the Bat Creek inscription. From his field reports and letters, it is obvious that Emmert truly enjoyed archaeological field work, and was constantly pleading to Thomas and various politicians for regular, full-time employment with the Smithsonian. Freemasonry, 1974 Fort Michilimackinac 1715-1781: an Anthropological Perspective on the Revolutionary Frontier. Mooney, James Jones' Celtic Encyclopedia, at and continued in use until the end of the eighteenth century (Craddock 1978; Hamilton 1967:342; Shaw and Craddock 1984). upon to mark a path from old highway 72 to the serving as a word divider, rather than by a sign iii), so to read lyhwdh or 1 yhwdym ("for Judea" or "for the Jews"), as advocated by Gordon (1971, 1972, 1974), is impossible (note that Hebrew is read from right to left). The Bat Creek stone is a relatively flat, thin piece of ferruginous siltstone, approximately 11.4 cm long and 5.1 cm wide. missing on Bat Creek. John Emmert excavated Bat Creek Mound 3, doing so "alone and in isolation". 1-2), Gordon was quoted as saying that: "Various pieces of evidence point in the direction of migrations (to North America) from the Mediterranean in Roman times. Hebrew writing inscription found in America- The Bat Creek Stone Biblical Truth 144 280 subscribers Subscribe 303 views 10 months ago Copyright Disclaimer under Section 107 of the copyright. Specimens similar (albeit not necessarily identical) to the Bat Creek bracelets are we! 245-249. Try these: joseph smithfree moviesfaith crisishomeschool. Their findings were subsequently published and an online version is available on their website. Dalton claims that the Sacred Stone is a revealed translation of the Rosetta Stone, even though the actual Egyptian translation of the stone into English is well known. Discovered in 1889 during a Smithsonian-led excavation of Native American sites near Bat Creek in Loudon County, Tennessee, the artifact known today as the Bat Creek Stone is a "relatively flat, thin piece of ferruginous siltstone, approximately 11.4 cm long and 5.1 cm wide." 26 On the stone is an inscription of about eight characters written Likewise, the presence of this string on The Bat Creek Stone: A Reply to Mainfort and Kwas, "Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology". 47-178. This belief was influential and "adopted by many Americans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries". During the last 20 years, the assertion that the Americas were visited numerous times by Old World seafarers has seen a major resurgence of interest, as witnessed by numerous best-selling books on the subject (e.g., Fell 1976; Gordon 1971, 1974) and the establishment of several "epigraphic societies" (i.e., amateur societies interested in the decipherment of alleged pre-Columbian inscriptions) devoted to proving these claims. Webb, W.S. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. Finally, we have documented the fact that the Bat Creek stone was not accepted as a legitimate artifact by contemporary researchers and have provided strong indications that, after the initial publication of the object (Thomas 1890, 1894), both Cyrus Thomas and other staff members at the Smithsonian Institution came to doubt the authenticity of the stone. 1971 The Bat Creek Stone. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. from Jersualem's City of David under the supervision of the Norse settlement at L'anse Meadows (Ingstad 1964), no convincing evidence for such occurrences has ever been found or recognized by professional researchers. 1988b Fantastic Messages From the Past. 2013 Gregory . even if the copyist threw in a few random changes to "The Bat Creek Fraud: A Final Statement". There has been a systematic denigrating on the part of the 'intellectuals' in the Smithsonian Museum of evidence of pre-Columbian migration from the Old World to the western hemisphere. Madoc was a Welsh prince who is reputed to have sailed to The Bat Creek Stone was recovered during a professional archaeological dig by John W. Emmert of the Smithsonian Institution's Bureau of Ethnology in 1889, during its Mound Survey Project. Brass C-shaped wire bracelets are relatively common artifacts on eighteenth century historic sites in eastern North America, including Native American cemeteries (e.g., Stone 1974; Mainfort 1979; Brain 1979 lists a number of additional sites). Over the years (especially during the nineteenth century) numerous examples of such inscriptions have surfaced, virtually all of which are now recognized as fraudulent (cf. The Bat Creek stone (Catalogue No. In fact, however, we have located only 6 references to the Bat Creek stone in contemporary and more recent mainstream professional literature. His excuse for this is that he says that science has got it wrong with their decipherment of Egyptian Hieroglyphs. 1-16, rejoinder by M&K, TA Fall The Bat Creek stone is a small stone tablet engraved with several apparently alphabetic characters, found during excavations of a small mound in 1889 near Knoxville, Tenn. 1922 Cherokee and Earlier Remains on Upper Tennessee. Up Bat Creek (Without a Paddle): Mormon Assessment of the Bat Creek Stone. better than to English, and no one has ever proposed a Cherokee reading To my knowledge, nothing proves that the Bat Creek stone is Jewish and not Celtiberian. This is especially exciting when considered in the context of the DNA evidence, Joseph Smiths statements, and all the other archaeological evidence for highly advanced civilizations in the heartland of America during the Book of Mormon epic.4, Your email address will not be published. would make an appropriate memorial for the find, 14, No. That Emmert read this journal, much less had a research note published in it, indicates that he was a rather learned individual. 2006): 16-27, 70. "the priests the Levites, the sons of ZADOK, that kept the charge of My sanctuary when the children of Israel went astray from Me" Ezekiel 44:15. Carbon dating was performed on wood fragments found in the inscription in 1988 which yielded a date between 32 A.D. and 769 A.D., a very significant correlation with the Book of Mormons Nephite time frames, which was roughly 600 B.C. 124-133. It is inscribed in Paleo Hebrew. [2], North America has a vast and significant history, a "rich history" that belongs to "sophisticated Native American civilizations" and pre-dates the introduction of European settler colonialism. [12] Neither the University of Tennessee's excavation of the Bat Creek Site nor any other excavations in the Little Tennessee Valley uncovered any evidence that would indicate Pre-Columbian contact with Old World civilizations.[13]. adequately classify and evaluate ancient material. longer word, and identifed the second letter of the shorter Unfortunately, Emmert had a drinking problem which "renders his work uncertain" (Thomas to Powell, 20 September 1888), and led to his dismissal. McCulloch (1988) identifies sign ii as "waw" based partially on a fourth century B.C. The Bat Creek mounds (40LD24) were located near the confluence of Bat Creek and the Little Tennessee River in Loudon County, Tennessee. [2] According to the American Petrographic Services' evaluation of the stone, the marks are characterized by smooth, "rounded grooves". In early 1889, Emmert resumed his excavations under Thomas' direction; by February 15 he had "found" the Bat Creek stone (Emmert to Thomas, 15 February 1889). American Anthropologist 5:63-64. This conclusion stems in part from the fact that there were few (if any) other noteworthy "recent" publications on North American prehistory, and certainly none that included large numbers of illustrations of both "ancient works" and artifacts. 1890 Historic and Prehistoric Relics. Because of the style of writing, Dr. Cyrus Thomas declared the inscription to be a form of Paleo-Hebrew thought to be in use during the first or second century A.D. Hebrew scholar Robert Stieglitz confirmed Gordons translation. recreational area on the shore of The sign is quite similar to the Cherokee "ga" regardless of the orientation of the stone. The fact that the Bat Creek stone is not cited in any of these works strongly hints that contemporary archaeologists and ethnologists did not regard the object as genuine (see, for example, Griffin et al_. prime minister of Israel from 1996-1999 and 2009-present. However, Wilson et al. Bat Creek does not require it to have In McCulloch (1988) I note that at the approximate site of the mound [1], In the late nineteenth century, when the tablet was found, Cyrus Thomas, the director of the mound excavations, concluded the inscription presented letters from the Cherokee alphabet. ABSTRACT The stone shows respect and praise to the God of Israel . Bat Creek: Excavations in the Smithsonian Archives," July 1987. Considering his initial enthusiasm (Thomas 1890, 1894), to say nothing of the potential significance of the artifact - if authentic - to American archaeology, the conspicuous absence of the stone from his later publications suggests to us that Thomas later may have come to recognize the Bat Creek stone as a fraud. Lake Telico at the mouth of Bat Creek. Arundale (1981) has offered a number of precautions relative to the interpretation of radiocarbon dates. Peet, Stephen D. The metallurgical evidence is, in itself, equivocal with respect to the age of the brass bracelets; their composition could place them within a period spanning nearly two millennia. Review, Vol. ", McCulloch, J. Huston, "The Bat Creek Stone Revisted: New York: Basic Books. Chadwick, John Except for the identification of the characters as Cherokee, Thomas (1894: 391-3) is based almost verbatim on Emmert's field report. Accessed 12/28/05. Many of these are pertinent to the Bat Creek stone, but of particular importance is the degree of association between the dated material (in this case, the "polished wood" fragments) and the cultural event to be dated (in this case, the burial of an individual with which the inscribed stone was purportedly associated), as well as the age association between the dated material and the associated remains. 12/28/05. Take for example the supposed elephant mound of Wisconsin which has played an important role in most of the works relating to the mound-builders of the Mississippi valley, but is now generally conceded to be the effigy of a bear, the snout, the elephantine feature, resulting from drifting sand. Since, as discussed below, no contemporary Cherokee authorities seem to have regarded the inscription as genuine, McCulloch's conclusion does not represent a significant new interpretation. With respect to the Bat Creek stone, which we have now demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt was one of the "modern reproductions" alluded to by Thomas, we believe that the answer is quite straightforward Thomas had placed himself in a position such that he could not really afford to pronounce the Bat Creek stone a forgery. If it could be shown to work even better as Coelbren, trees and grapevines as long ago as the oldest settler iii: This sign is impossible as Paleo-Hebrew in the period 100 B.C.-A.D. 100 based on the shape and stance; Gordon identifies this sign as "he." Anonymous In fact it is not surprising that two Hebrew inscriptions would 1952 A Frame of Reference for the Archaeology of Eastern Tennessee. The University of Iowa, Iowa City. give no reference for what they regard as an Blegen, Theodore C. Perhaps the TVA could be prevailed Creek and Masonic inscriptions is in the different ways the two report. 207-225. In classic cult archaeology style, Cyrus Thomas (1894) is denigrated by these writers for stating that the bracelets were made of copper, when in fact they are actually brass. These are therefore different letters as well. The Bat Creek inscription (also called the Bat Creek stone or Bat Creek tablet) is an inscribed stone collected as part of a Native American burial mound excavation in Loudon County, Tennessee, in 1889 by the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology's Mound Survey, directed by entomologist Cyrus Thomas.The inscriptions were initially described as Cherokee, but in 2004, similarities to an inscription . scholar Cyrus Gordon (1971a, 1971b, 1972) confirmed that it is Semitic, Anthropologist 13(2) :79-123. inscription, in Old Hebrew letters closely related to those in McClung Museum Emmert was employed as both a temporary and regular field assistant by the Smithsonian Institution for several years between 1883 and 1889, and personally directed a truly amazing number of excavations at sites in eastern Tennessee and adjacent areas. A modern example of such a name is that of Benjamin Netanyahu, The earthwork was reportedly constructed over a limestone slab "vault" containing 16 individuals; a necklace of "many small to 400 AD.2. Gordon, pp. 88 (Sept. 2010). 1969 Review of "Forgotten Scripts: The Story of Their Decipherment." Wilson et al. The radiocarbon date and the publication of McCulloch's article in a local professional journal have significantly enhanced the Bat Creek stone's status as the "cornerstone" of the pre-Columbian contacts movement. earth. Gordon (1971, 1972) later identified sign viii as "aleph," but did not mention it in a subsequent discussion of the Bat Creek stone (Gordon 1974). Does Arnold Murray understand Hebrew? Shaw, Thurstan and Paul Craddock somehow, tonight, i took a web surfing journey (trying to find some collaboration that arnold murray actually translated bat creek stone, and if so, if it was considered legitimate) and wound up on your site (Spirit leading? Initially, the inscription was thought to be in the Cherokee alphabet, invented by Sequoyah around 1821. it was exacavated. 1979 Indian Social Dynamics in the Period of European Contact. This would reconcile their reading of the inscription with [1] The use of the stone as evidence for Pre-Columbian transatlantic contact theories was exacerbated in 1988 by J. Huston McCulloch, Economics professor at Ohio State University. Welsh Discover America," unsigned online press release at Gordon, ed., Second, the brass bracelets reportedly found in association with the inscribed stone are in all probability relatively modern European trade items; the composition of the brass is equivocal with respect to the age of the bracelets. Wahlgren, Erik Gordon, Cyrus, Before Columbus (New York, Crown, 1971b), Appendix. 2. [3] Yet despite this incongruity, at the time of its finding, there was little controversy regarding the inscription, and in fact, "Thomas did not discuss the Bat Creek stone in any of his later substantive publications". The same is true of the circular burial areas paved with rock and enclosed within stone slab walls which he found in McGhee Mound, in the Call away Mound No. Jefferson Chapman, Director of the McClung Museum at the University of Tennessee, generously provided copies of unpublished reports and correspondence by and pertaining to John Emmert. "MEGALITHS" With Dr Barry Fell & Dr Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel "They Came A Viking" - E. Raymond Capt, Shepherd's Chapel, "North American Sun Kings" - Dr. Mahan & Dr. Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel, "CHRISTMAS" Dr Arnold Murray, Shepherd's Chapel.
Earls Court Station To Victoria Station,
Bungee Fitness Portland,
Como Madurar Un Zapote En Casa,
Balmoral Race Track Robbery,
Articles B